Preface and Acknowledgements
نویسندگان
چکیده
<bbery is defined as theft or attempted theft by force or hreat of violence. Robbery is perhaps the most impor:omponent of the urban crime problem; James Q. Wilson it "the most costly of all common crimes," due to its high chic and communal costs." This report describes recent ^ * P*** m robbery and presents a framework for yzing the potential effects of a variety of policy •ventions. few of the principal findings are these: National Crime Survey (NCS) data and police data reported y the FBI both indicate that robbery rates peaked in 197 5 nd, after a brief decline, were climbing again by 1979. *olice classified a roughly constant 10 percent of all :riminal homicides as robbery murders between 1976 and 1981: it is possible, however, that the actual percentage ncreased during this period since the fraction of homicides hat could not be classified by the police doubled during this period (to 18 percent). The robbery problem isJiighly concentrate in urban areas: orie-third of all robberies occurs:* v the six largest cities in 1981. A recent survey of crime in the nation's junior and senior high schools estimated that there were one million robberies per year in these schools. This estimate exceeds the corresponding NCS estimate by a factor of 30. Direct economic losses to robbery victims (not including murders) are only about $.33 billion. This number very much underestimates the total social cost of robbery, however. The number of bank robberies has been growing with extraordinary rapidity during the last 25 years. The 56 percent increase between 1975 and 1980 represents its slowest rate of growth since 1957. A recent survey of prison inmates found that among those who reported committing robberies in the three years prior to their incarceration, the median annual commission rate was 4.8 and th<90th percentile rate was 86. Most active robbers commit a variety of other crimes as well.
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تاریخ انتشار 2004